Generate And Store Cryptonci Keys
One approach which will provide good security if the only people who will need to use the key for any purpose can be trusted absolutely with it is to store the key encrypted with another key, a copy of which is stored for each user, encrypted with a hash of that user's password (salted differently from the one stored for password validation!). Windows Cryptographic Service Provider key store can only store asymmetric keys. Why Microsoft designed it this way is a very good question. Being it that may, your only solution is to use an HSM. You would store your application keys in a data store you create and encrypt it with a master key, which is stored in the HSM. As you should never store encryption keys in plaintext, you typically use the tool by piping it directly to GnuPG. So the first step will always be to create a OpenPGP key for your KSM host, see Generate KSM Key. Below we will both sign the data from and encrypt it to the same key id 8B88A11B. Here is how you would generate 5 keys for test. Please take a note of these keys as they will no longer be shown the next time the page is reloaded. Up to 50 keys can be created with distinct nonces. API keys should be kept in a safe location and should never be shared with anyone. If you are not absolutely certain that you can store your Master apisecret in a safe place, do not generate it.
-->Column Master Keys are key-protecting keys used in Always Encrypted to encrypt column encryption keys. Column master keys must be stored in a trusted key store, and the keys need to be accessible to applications that need to encrypt or decrypt data, and tools for configuring Always Encrypted and managing Always Encrypted keys.
This article provides details for selecting a key store and creating column master keys for Always Encrypted. For a detailed overview, see Overview of Key Management for Always Encrypted.
Selecting a Key Store for your Column Master Key
Always Encrypted supports multiple key stores for storing Always Encrypted column master keys. Supported key stores vary depending on which driver and version you're using.
There are two high-level categories of key stores to consider - Local Key Stores, and Centralized Key Stores.
Local or Centralized Key Store?
Local Key Stores - can only be used by applications on computers that contain the local key store. In other words, you need to replicate the key store and key to each computer running your application. An example of a local key store is Windows Certificate Store. When using a local key store, you need to make sure that the key store exists on each machine hosting your application, and that the computer contains the column master keys your application needs to access data protected using Always Encrypted. When you provision a column master key for the first time, or when you change (rotate) the key, you need to make sure the key gets deployed to all machines hosting your application(s).
Centralized Key Stores - serve applications on multiple computers. An example of a centralized key store is Azure Key Vault. A centralized key store usually makes key management easier because you don't need to maintain multiple copies of your column master keys on multiple machines. Ensure that your applications are configured to connect to the centralized key store.
Which Key Stores are Supported in Always Encrypted Enabled Client Drivers?
Always Encrypted enabled client drivers are SQL Server client drivers that have built-in support for incorporating Always Encrypted into your client applications. Always Encrypted enabled drivers include a few built-in providers for popular key stores. Some drivers also let you implement and register a custom column master key store provider, so that you can use any key store, even if there's no built-in provider for it. When deciding between a built-in provider and a custom provider consider that using a built-in provider typically means fewer changes to your applications (in some cases, only changing a database connection string is required).
The available built-in providers depend on which driver, driver version, and operating system is selected. Please consult Always Encrypted documentation for your specific driver to determine which key stores are supported out-of-the-box and if your driver supports custom key store providers - Develop applications using Always Encrypted.
Which Key Stores are Supported in SQL Tools?
SQL Server Management Studio and the SqlServer PowerShell module only support column master keys stored in Azure Key Vault, Windows Certificate Store and key stores that provide Cryptography Next Generation (CNG) API or Cryptography API (CAPI).
Creating Column Master Keys in Windows Certificate Store
A column master key can be a certificate stored in Windows Certificate Store. An Always Encrypted-enabled driver doesn't verify an expiration date or a certificate authority chain. A certificate is simply used as a key pair consisting of a public and private key.
To be a valid column master key, a certificate must:
- be an X.509 certificate.
- be stored in one of the two certificate store locations: local machine or current user. (To create a certificate in the local machine certificate store location, you must be an administrator on the target machine.)
- contain a private key (the recommended length of the keys in the certificate is 2048 bits or greater).
- be created for key exchange.
There are multiple ways to create a certificate that is a valid column master key but the simplest option is to create a self-signed certificate.
Create a self-signed certificate using PowerShell
Use the New-SelfSignedCertificate cmdlet to create a self-signed certificate. The following example shows how to generate a certificate that can be used as a column master key for Always Encrypted.
Create a self-signed certificate using SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS)
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For details, see Provision Always Encrypted keys using SQL Server Management Studio.For a step-by-step tutorial that uses SSMS and stores Always Encrypted keys in the Windows Certificate Store, see Always Encrypted Wizard tutorial (Windows Certificate Store). download archicad 23 for mac
Making Certificates Available to Applications and Users
If your column master key is a certificate stored in the local machine certificate store location, you need to export the certificate with the private key and import it to all machines that host applications that are expected to encrypt or decrypt data stored in encrypted columns, or tools for configuring Always Encrypted and for managing the Always Encrypted keys. Also, each user must be granted a read permission for the certificate stored in the local machine certificate store location to be able to use the certificate as a column master key.
If your column master key is a certificate stored in the current user certificate store location, you need to export the certificate with the private key and import it to the current user certificate store location of all user accounts running applications that are expected to encrypt or decrypt data stored in encrypted columns, or tools for configuring Always Encrypted and managing Always Encrypted keys (on all machines containing those applications/tools). No permission configuration is required - after logging on to a machine, a user can access all certificates in their current user certificate store location.
Using PowerShell
Use the Import-PfxCertificate and Export-PfxCertificate cmdlets to import and export a certificate.
Using Microsoft Management Console
To grant a user the Read permission for a certificate stored in the local machine certificate store location, follow these steps:
- Open a command prompt and type mmc.
- In the MMC console, on the File menu, click Add/Remove Snap-in.
- In the Add/Remove Snap-in dialog box, click Add.
- In the Add Standalone Snap-in dialog box, click Certificates, click Add.
- In the Certificates snap-in dialog box, click Computer account, and then click Finish.
- In the Add Standalone Snap-in dialog box, click Close.
- In the Add/Remove Snap-in dialog box, click OK.
- From the Certificates snap-in, locate the certificate in the Certificates > Personal folder, right-click the Certificate, point to All Tasks, and then click Manage Private Keys.
- In the Security dialog box, add read permission for a user account if needed.
Creating Column Master Keys in Azure Key Vault
Azure Key Vault helps safeguard cryptographic keys and secrets, and is a convenient option for storing column master keys for Always Encrypted, especially if your applications are hosted in Azure. To create a key in Azure Key Vault, you need an Azure subscription and an Azure Key Vault.
Using PowerShell
The following example creates a new Azure Key Vault and key, and then grants permissions to the desired user.
Using SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS)
For details on how to create a column master key in Azure Key Vault using SSMS, see Provision Always Encrypted keys using SQL Server Management Studio.For a step-by-step tutorial that uses SSMS and stores Always Encrypted keys in an Azure Key Vault, see Always Encrypted Wizard tutorial (Azure Key Vault).
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Making Azure Key Vault Keys Available to Applications and Users
When using an Azure Key Vault key as a column master key, your application needs to authenticate to Azure and your application's identity needs to have the following permissions on the key vault: get, unwrapKey, and verify.
To provision column encryption keys that are protected with a column master key stored in Azure Key Vault, you need the get, unwrapKey, wrapKey, sign, and verify permissions. Additionally, to create a new key in an Azure Key Vault you need the create permission; to list the key vault contents, you need the list permission.
Using PowerShell
To enable users and applications access to the actual keys in the Azure Key Vault, you must set the vault access policy (Set-AzKeyVaultAccessPolicy):
Creating Column Master Keys in Hardware Security Modules using CNG
A column master key for Always Encrypted can be stored in a key store implementing the Cryptography Next Generation (CNG) API. Typically, this type of store is a hardware security module (HSM). An HSM is a physical device that safeguards and manages digital keys and provides crypto-processing. HSMs traditionally come in the form of a plug-in card or an external device that attaches directly to a computer (local HSMs) or a network server.
To make an HSM available to applications on a given machine, a Key Storage Provider (KSP), which implements CNG, must be installed and configured on the machine. An Always Encrypted client driver (a column master key store provider inside the driver), uses the KSP to encrypt and decrypt column encryption keys, protected with column master key stored in the key store.
Windows includes Microsoft Software Key Storage Provider - a software-based KSP, which you can use for testing purposes. See CNG Key Storage Providers.
Creating Column Master Keys in a Key Store using CNG/KSP
A column master key should be an asymmetric key (a public/private key pair), using the RSA algorithm. The recommended key length is 2048 or greater.
Using HSM-specific Tools
Consult the documentation for your HSM.
Using PowerShell
You can use .NET APIs to create a key in a key store using CNG in PowerShell.
Using SQL Server Management Studio
See Provision Always Encrypted keys using SQL Server Management Studio.
Making CNG Keys Available to Applications and Users
Consult your HSM and KSP documentation for how to configure the KSP on a machine and how to grant applications and users access to the HSM.
Creating Column Master Keys in Hardware Security Modules using CAPI
A column master key for Always Encrypted can be stored in a key store that implements the Cryptography API (CAPI). Typically, such a store is a hardware security module (HSM) - a physical device that safeguards and manages digital keys and provides crypto-processing. HSMs traditionally come in the form of a plug-in card or an external device that attaches directly to a computer (local HSMs) or a network server.
To make an HSM available to applications on a given machine, a Cryptography Service Provider (CSP), which implements CAPI, must be installed and configured on the machine. An Always Encrypted client driver (a column master key store provider inside the driver), uses the CSP to encrypt and decrypt column encryption keys, protected with column master key stored in the key store.
Note
CAPI is a legacy, deprecated API. If a KSP is available for your HSM, you should use it, instead of a CSP/CAPI.
A CSP must support the RSA algorithm to be used with Always Encrypted.
Windows includes the following software-based (not backed by an HSM) CSPs that support RSA and can use for testing purposes: Microsoft Enhanced RSA and AES Cryptographic Provider.
Creating Column Master Keys in a Key Store using CAPI/CSP
A column master key should be an asymmetric key (a public/private key pair), using the RSA algorithm. The recommended key length is 2048 or greater.
Using HSM-specific Tools
Consult the documentation for your HSM.
Using SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS)
See Provision Always Encrypted keys using SQL Server Management Studio.
Making CNG Keys Available to Applications and Users
Consult the documentation for your HSM and CSP for how to configure the CSP on a machine, and how to grant applications and users access to the HSM.